It is very reliable (it consistently rings the same time each day), but is not valid (it is not ringing at the desired time).” Roberta Heale and Alison Twycross share a good illustration to understand the relationship between validity and reliability: “A simple example of validity and reliability is an alarm clock that rings at 7:00 each morning, but is set for 6:30. Do you get the same result when you apply this mental model repeatedly? Reliability is the consistency of a mental model when applied repeatedly under similar circumstances. Reliability: is the mental model consistent? Instead, it helps evaluate how appropriate and accurate a mental model is in a specific situation. Validity does not say anything about the mental model itself. When it comes to mental models, questioning the validity of a mental model is equivalent to asking yourself: is this the right mental model for the situation? There are many mental models, and it may be that you apply the margin of safety mental model, when really you should be paying attention to your illusion of control. To put it simply: are we measuring the right thing? As healthcare professionals Roberta Heale and Alison Twycross put it: “A survey designed to explore depression but which actually measures anxiety would not be considered valid.” In scientific research, validity is the extent to which a concept is accurately measured.
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